Turkmenistan remains one of the most enigmatic countries in Central Asia, often overlooked by mainstream tourism. While most travelers stick to the capital Ashgabat or the ancient ruins of Merv, the country offers much more for those willing to venture off the beaten path. From desert oases to historic Silk Road towns, here are some lesser-known but truly fascinating cities in Turkmenistan worth exploring.
Türkmenabat
Formerly known as Chardzhou, Türkmenabat is Turkmenistan’s second-largest city and an important transportation hub near the border with Uzbekistan. Located on the Amu Darya River, the city played a strategic role along the Silk Road. Today, it offers a glimpse into the daily life of eastern Turkmenistan and serves as a base for exploring the nearby ancient ruins of Amul, an early Islamic settlement with archaeological layers dating back over a millennium.
Dashoguz
Located in the northern part of the country, near the border with Uzbekistan, Dashoguz is a quiet city that blends Soviet urban planning with traditional Turkmen culture. Its main draw is its proximity to the UNESCO-listed site of Köneürgenç, the medieval capital of the Khwarezm Empire. This area is home to some of the most spectacular architectural monuments in Turkmenistan, including towering minarets, mausoleums, and the ruins of ancient palaces.
Balkanabat
Balkanabat is the center of Turkmenistan’s western oil and gas industry. While it may not have the historical depth of other cities, it offers a unique insight into the country's energy sector and Soviet-era urban development. Surrounded by desert landscapes, Balkanabat is also a starting point for excursions to the Yangykala Canyon, often described as one of Turkmenistan’s most breathtaking natural wonders — with its layered, colorful cliffs and Martian-like terrain.
Bayramaly
Bayramaly is a small but historically significant town located just east of Mary. Its main appeal is its proximity to the ruins of Merv, once one of the world’s largest cities and a key stop on the Silk Road. Staying in Bayramaly offers a quieter, more local experience compared to Mary, and is ideal for those looking to explore ancient history without the tourist crowds.
Gyzylarbat
Nestled near the Kopet Dag Mountains, Gyzylarbat is a small city with a long history as a stop along caravan routes. While not widely visited, its location makes it a strategic resting point for those traveling west toward the Caspian Sea or south toward Iran. The surrounding region is rich in natural beauty and traditional village life, offering a contrast to the marble-filled grandeur of Ashgabat.
