The epics presented in this article vividly recount the beliefs, customs, and traditions — the rich culture and history of the Kyrgyz people. This knowledge has been passed down orally, yet it still holds significant influence in modern Kyrgyz society.
The Epic of Manas
"Manas" is recognized as part of the UNESCO World Heritage as the longest epic in the world. It consists of three parts: "Manas," "Semetei," and "Seitek," with Semetei being the son of Manas and Seitek his grandson. The work is full of feats performed by Manas and his loyal companions, each playing an essential role in the story.
"Manas" is not just a narrative of heroism but also a reflection of all aspects of Kyrgyz life, from customs and traditions to geography and historical events. This epic serves as a true encyclopedia of the Kyrgyz way of life, describing their centuries-old struggle for freedom and happiness.
The epic has been passed down through generations by talented storytellers — manaschi — who have memorized it and brought it to the present day. A prominent representative of the manaschi is Sayakbay Karaalaev, from whom 500 553 lines were recorded, earning "Manas" a place in the Guinness World Records.
"Kozhozhash"
One of the oldest epics, originating during the era of clan society, reflects the Kyrgyz beliefs in totemism. The epic tells of the exploitative relationship and struggle between humans and nature. When the hunter-hero oversteps his bounds, he faces dire consequences — death. "Kozhozhash" conveys a moral lesson about the need to treat Mother Nature with care.
"Er Töshtük"
Er Töshtük is a hero known to many people. He descends into the underworld to free the souls of his loved ones, fighting against mythical creatures. The epic was first recorded by Russian Turkologist V.V. Radlov, who heard it from a storyteller in the village of Shamshy. Later, the best version was presented by the great storyteller Sayakbay Karaalaev, and the work became a subject of scientific research.
“Among people lived Er Töshtük,
The lion of heroes, Er Töshtük.
The hero of the Kyrgyz tribes,
Bravest and kindest, Er Töshtük.”
"Kurmanbek"
Kurmanbek is a young warrior and leader who rallies the people against the Kalmyks. His fame grows, but his father cannot accept that his son has become more influential. At a crucial moment, he betrays Kurmanbek by swapping his horse for a weak one. Surrounded by enemies, the hero fights to the end and dies on the battlefield, with only his friend remaining by his side.
In the epic "Kurmanbek," the historical context is evident — often the heroes fall not by the hands of enemies but due to internal conflicts and betrayals.
"Zhanyl Myrza"
"Zhanyl Myrza" is one of the well-known Kyrgyz epics dedicated to female heroism. It tells the story of the legendary female warrior Zhanyl Myrza, who was not only brave and skilled in battle but also a wise ruler. This epic stands out as it features a woman as the main character. The story of Zhanyl Myrza symbolizes not only the strength and courage of women but also their ability to be wise leaders who protect their homeland and people.
"Kedeykan"
The title "Kedeykan" translates to "Khan of the Poor," highlighting the ideological focus of the work. The main character, an orphan, unites poor youths around him and leads them in raids against the wealthy, reminiscent of the famous Robin Hood. Through his intelligence and cunning, he temporarily takes the throne from the tyrant Khan, after which he rules with justice and bravery.
This epic conveys not only the heroic deeds of the protagonist but also his moral principles, which serve as a guide for future generations of Kyrgyzstan.
"Er Tabyldy"
The epic "Er Tabyldy" is one of the bright works of Kyrgyz oral folk art dedicated to feats and heroism. The main character of the epic is Er Tabyldy, a strong and courageous hero embodying the best qualities of a warrior and protector of the people.
Er Tabyldy is not just a warrior but a symbol of justice, honor, and loyalty to his people. In the epic, he faces numerous enemies, both external invaders and internal traitors. His primary goal is to defend his homeland and maintain peace among his people. The main hero demonstrates himself as a wise strategist and brave warrior, whose deeds inspire future generations.